Section iii (above), containing the core principles, represents calpers’ view of elements of corporate governance that form the foundation of accountability between a corporation’s managers and its owners. During its decade-long experience in
examini
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There are three near synonymous terms, accountability, responsibility and answerability, which are essentially defined through each other. These concepts have a formal triadic structure: an agent a is accountable to a principal b for an action x
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Implicitly, the definitions also suggest that accountability is individual rather than collective-that is, that nobody can be held accountable for actions done by another member of a group to which he belongs
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Dismissed and replacement are distinct procedures and may even be entrusted to different organs. In systems with dual accountability, in which the prime minister is responsible both to the president and to parliament,
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Accountability can be simply defined as: ‘the duty to provide an account (by no means necessarily a financial account) or reckoning of those actions for which one is held responsible’. Thus accountability involves two responsibilities or duties: the
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Internal accountability is when the government_ to protect the public interest- institutes various systems and incentives to govern the behavior of different agencies, such as separating powers and setting up independent checks and balances
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The first channel is quintessentially one of internal government accountability – when on agency in the government functions to ensure that another one operates
effectively.
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Accountability focuses on the obligation owed by all public officials to the public, the ultimate sovereign in a democracy, for explanation and justification of their use of public office and the delegated powers conferred on the government
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Government officials are more likely to worry about making internal accountability mechanisms effective when they face the public secruting that comes through the external accountability mechanisms
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The accountability plan should define to whom one must answer. Such arrangements vary widely across modern democracies, but they commonly require that the representatives of the public owe the public an explanation of their tenure in office
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There are 3 key accountability channels in this framework. The first is from the policymaker to the service provider. The second is from the client to the service provider. The third is from citizens to policymakers and
politicians.
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The other two linkages form the two essential channels for external accountability, whereby citizens’ participation helps hold officials in government –those acting in the name of the people –accountable.
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