In politics, the first mechanism is the most important. Voters can dismiss elected officials by denying them reelection; parliament can vote down a government; the president may be able to dismiss his prime minister.
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A minister can hold his officials accountable by denying them promotion, demoting then, or moving them sideward to less important positions. This mechanism is also illustrated by he practice of imposing a fine or loss of job on those who fail to vote
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Accountability focuses on the obligation owed by all public officials to the public, the ultimate sovereign in a democracy, for explanation and justification of their use of public office and the delegated powers conferred on the government
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Government officials are more likely to worry about making internal accountability mechanisms effective when they face the public secruting that comes through the external accountability mechanisms
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The other two linkages form the two essential channels for external accountability, whereby citizens’ participation helps hold officials in government –those acting in the name of the people –accountable.
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